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This site contains some useful articles related to Physics and Electronics. These articles are accessible for absolutely free. The motive is to provide free content to students who prefer self-study with the help of the Internet.

Sample Articles

  • What are Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors?
    In the first article, we discussed the basic properties, examples and applications of Semiconductors. All semiconductors are not the same. There are two types of semiconductors – intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Extrinsic semiconductors are divided into two types – n-type and p-type semiconductors. In this article, we’re going to discuss what are Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors, how are they produced, their examples and their differences. Contents of this article: What … Read more
  • Electrical components used in electronic & electric circuit
    An electrical circuit consists of some electrical components and a source of voltage or current. These circuit components perform all the activities in a circuit. We need to know the function of every circuit component to use these properly in a circuit. Examples of some electrical components are resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors etc. In this article, I’m going to discuss some important electrical and electronic circuit components with their … Read more
  • Applications of Zener diode as voltage regulator
    We already discussed the Semiconductor material and a semiconductor device p-n junction diode. Normal P-N junction diodes cannot operate at high reverse bias voltage because of the breakdown in diodes. To operate at high reverse bias voltage, a diode is to be designed in a special way. Zener diode is such kind of device that can operate well in the breakdown region and it has many applications too. In this … Read more
  • p-n junction diode – formation, biasing circuit & curve
    p-n junction diode is a semiconductor devices that has a wide application in electronics. Diodes and transistors are the basic elements of most of the integrated circuits. In this article, I’m going to discuss the formation, characteristics curves, bias circuit diagram, working principle and uses of a p-n junction diode. Contents of this article: A p-n junction diode is a semiconductor substrate with p-type and n-type doping at its two … Read more
  • Differences between NPN and PNP Transistors
    Transistor is one of the basic circuit components for electronic devices. The main purpose of a Transistor is to Amplify electronic signals. There are two types of BJT Transistors – NPN and PNP. In another article, we discussed the construction, symbol and other properties of BJT Transistors. In this article, we’re going to discuss the differences between NPN and PNP Transistors based on those properties. Differences between NPN and PNP … Read more
  • Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) – NPN and PNP
    Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is one of the very important electronic circuit components in the world of electronics. Scientist William Shockley discovered the first Transistor in 1948. Modern technology is very much progressive and many varieties of transistors have been discovered. These transistors are widely used in analog and digital electronics. In short, semiconductor diodes and transistors are the basic components of electronic devices. In this article, we’re going to … Read more
  • Input and output characteristics curve of a Transistor
    In another article, we have discussed the Bipolar Junction Transistor and the differences between NPN and PNP transistors. Transistor characteristic curve is a very useful thing to understand the basic principle and operation of a Transistor. In this article, we’re going to discuss the input and output characteristics of a Transistor. There are three possible configurations of a transistor – common emitter (CE), common base (CB) and common collector (CC). … Read more
  • Electric Field Intensity – definition, formula, units
    A static electric charge produces an electric field and a moving charge produces a magnetic field around it. Electric charges can move due to electrostatic force and this force has a very useful relation with the electric field. In this article, we are going to explain the Electric field and electric field Intensity of an electric charge. Contents of the article: What is an Electric Field? Electric Field is the … Read more
  • Classification of Power Amplifiers | types of BJT amplifiers
    An amplifier can produce an enlarged but exact version of the small input signal at the output of an electronic circuit. Electronic devices like TV, radio, tape recorder, etc. require amplifiers for their operations. These devices do not operate in the same way. Some devices need to amplify the current, some devices require to amplify voltage, etc. Again, in some devices, a part of the input wave is to be … Read more
  • Properties of electric field lines with diagrams
    We learned about electric charges, electric charge distributions, electric field and Coulomb’s law of electric force in previous articles. Fundamental law of electrostatics tells that the charges of same sign repel and opposite charges attract due to electrostatic interactions. The paths through which the charges move due to the electrostatic force are known as electric field lines or electric lines of force. In this article, I’m going to discuss the … Read more
  • 7 types of Electromagnetic waves in the spectrum
    A static charge produces an electric field around it. Again, when a charge is in motion, it produces a magnetic field around it. But how electromagnetic waves are produced? An accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves where both the electric field and magnetic field propagate together in an electromagnetic field. Electromagnetic waves are nothing but the flow of electric and magnetic energies in the electromagnetic field. In this article, we’re going … Read more
  • How to find the direction of Magnetic field?
    Scientist Hans Christian Oersted first observed the deflection of a magnetic needle or compass placed near a current-carrying wire. This concludes that a current-carrying wire can produce a magnetic field around it. In another article, we have discussed the Origin, definition, unit and dimension of magnetic field. Since the magnetic field is a vector quantity, it will have a direction. In this article, we are going to discuss all possible … Read more
  • Magnetic Field intensity – formula, definition & concept
    If we bring a bar magnet near another bar magnet then a force acts between the magnets. Same poles of magnets repel and opposite poles attract each other. This interaction is very similar to electric charges, but not exactly. Now question is, what makes this to happen? The answer is the magnetic force in magnetic field. We already know that an electric charge can produce an electric field around it … Read more
  • Properties of Magnetic field lines with diagram
    Earlier we have discussed the Electric field and Electric field lines. Similar to the electric field lines, there exist magnetic field lines in a Magnetic field. In this article, we are going to discuss the definition and the properties of Magnetic field lines and the diagram of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet, solenoid, straight wire and circular wire. Contents in this article: What are the magnetic field lines? … Read more
  • Properties of electric charge class 12 physics
    We have discussed almost everything on electric charges in another article (link is given in the related posts section at below). In this article, we are going to discuss the basic properties of an electric charge. This will be helpful for the students of class 10 and class 12. Contents in this article: What is an electric charge? Electric charge is a property of matter by virtue for which the … Read more
  • All Basic Logic Gates – AND OR NOT gates
    Logic gates are the basic components of digital circuits that operates following Boolean algebra. These gates have significant roles in construction of integrated circuits (ICs). There are total seven logic gates in digital electronics. OR gate, AND gate and NOT gate are the three basic logic gates among those. NAND gate and NOR gate are two universal gates. There are two special type logic gates XOR gate and XNOR gate … Read more

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